ABSTRACT. High CO2 atmospheres have been reported to be accountable for slower ripening processes of many fruit species. In modified or controlled atmosphere storage of mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) delayed ripening is attributed to the effects of CO2 on ethylene biosynthesis, which is reduced under CO2 concentrations beyond 10%. In the present work the objective was to determine if those elevated CO2 atmospheres on ethylene synthesis could be attributed to the action of CO2 upon ACC oxidase. Mature green or tree ripe `Tommy Atkins` mangoes were, in four experiments, held in a flow through system of either 10 or 25% CO2 mixed to 5% O2 or only air for 14 or 21 days at 5, 8 or 12°C. Mangoes in the 25% CO2 atmosphere did not produce detectable levels of ethylene, whereas under 10% CO2 the production rates were significantly suppressed at 5 or 8°C. However, 1-aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) concentrations in mango mesocarp tissue at retrieval from storage were similar to the air controls and ACC synthase activity was not completely inhibited. The direct effects of CO2 concentrations on ACC oxidase activity is to be considered the most important factor in inhibiting ethylene biosynthesis of mangoes under 25% CO2 atmospheres.

A etapa de colheita é a principal fonte de danos físicos ao morango (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Experimentos foram realizados para simular condições encontradas durante manuseio. Frutos foram submetidos individualmente às forças de impacto e compressão em energias similares para determinar sensibilidade dos frutos a danos físicos. Volume da injúria física foi utilizado para mensurar a incidência do dano físico ocorrido. Severidade da lesão aumenta, com incremento da energia, tanto para força de impacto como para compressão. Todavia, frutos submetidos à queda livre demonstraram maiores volumes de danos físicos do que frutos submetidos a danos ocasionados por pendulo no mesmo nível de energia. Dobrando a energia de impacto (0,040 para 0,083 J) ocorreu aumento no volume da injúria em sete vezes (13 para 91 mm³). Frutos submetidos à queda de 380 mm (0,075 J) demonstraram volumes de danos físicos 71% superiores do que aqueles ocasionados em queda de 130 mm (0,025 J) ou 200 mm (0,040 J). Frutos em teste de compressão mostraram maiores volumes de injúrias físicas do que outros testes. Alguns cultivares são mais sensíveis à força de compressão do que outros. Frutos cultivar 'Sweet Charlie' apresentaram volume de injúria 40% superiores do que outros quando submetidos à força de compressão. Morangos submetidos à força de impacto demonstraram volume de injúria inferior do que aqueles comprimidos, indicando a possibilidade dos morangos serem classificados e manuseados em uma linha de beneficiamento.

Harvest operations are currently the main source of mechanical injury of strawberry (Fragaria x ananassa Duch.). Experiments were designed to simulate conditions encountered during commercial handling. Individual fruits were subjected to impact or compression forces with similar energy to determine the sensitivity to mechanical injury. Bruise volume was used as the measurement of injury. Bruise severity increased as a function of impact energy for both impact types. However, dropped fruits had larger bruise volume than fruits submitted to pendulum impactor at the same energy level. Doubling the impact energy (0.040 to 0.083 J) increased bruise volume by 7 times (13 to 91 mm³). Fruits dropped from 380 mm (0.075 J) showed 71% greater bruise volume than those dropped from either 130 mm (0.025 J) or 200 mm (0.040 J). Compressed fruits showed higher bruise volume than other tests. Some cultivars are more susceptible to compression forces than others. 'Sweet Charlie' berries showed bruise volume 40% higher than the others cultivars when subjected to compression. Fruits subjected to impact showed bruise volume lower than the compressed fruits, indicating the possibility to be handled and graded in a packing line.

Tomates (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill), 'Solar Set' e 'Agriset-743', foram colhidos no estádio verde-maduro (100% da superfície com coloração verde) e tratados com 100 miL L-1 de etileno gasoso a 20°C. Quando atingiram o estádio verde-rosado (menos do que 10% da superfície do fruto possui coloração vermelha ou amarelo-esverdeada), os frutos foram divididos em dois lotes. Um lote sofreu quedas de 40 cm de altura sobre uma superfície plana, rígida e lisa. Os frutos deste lote foram armazenados com os frutos-controle (que não sofreram dano mecânico) a 20°C e 85-95% de umidade relativa. No estádio vermelho, os frutos inteiros foram homogeneizados e um teste de análise sensorial foi imediatamente conduzido. Os painelistas foram capazes de distinguir entre frutos com desordem fisiológica causada por impacto e frutos não-injuriados, indicando que esta injúria alterou de maneira significativa o sabor e o aroma dos tomates analisados.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.) fruits, 'Solar Set' and 'Agriset -- 743', were harvested at the mature-green stage of development and treated with 100 muL L-1 ethylene at 20°C. At the breaker stage, fruits were dropped from 40 cm height to induce internal bruising and stored along with undropped fruits at 20°C and 85-95% RH. At the table-ripe stage, whole fruits were chopped in a food processor and a sensory analysis test was immediately performed. The experimental design employed was a completely randomized blocks scheme arranged with 22 panelists (blocks), 3 treatments (unbruised sample; bruised sample 1 and bruised sample 2) and 4 replicates (ten fruits each). Data were subjected to analysis of variance and differences among treatments were determined by the F test (P= 0.05). Panelists were able to distinguish between bruised and unbruised fruits which indicated that internal bruising caused by impact altered tomato flavor.

Frutos de tomate (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill.), cv. Solar Set, foram colhidos no estádio verde-maduro (100% da superfície com coloração verde) e tratados com 100 µL.L-1 de etileno gasoso a 20°C. Após atingirem o estádio verde-rosado (menos de 10% da superfície do fruto com coloração vermelha ou amarelo-tanino), parte dos frutos foram submetidos a uma queda de 0,40 m sobre uma superfície plana e lisa. Posteriormente, os frutos submetidos ao impacto e os não-submetidos foram armazenados a 20°C e 85-95% de umidade relativa até estarem completamente amadurecidos. Os frutos com e sem injúrias mecânicas foram então colocados individualmente no frasco de amostragem do "nariz eletrônico" e os doze sensores iniciaram a detecção dos compostos emanados pelos frutos. Os dados foram submetidos à análise discriminante multivariada. O grau de dissimilaridade entre os tratamentos foi definido utilizando-se a distância de Mahalanobis. As diferenças encontradas nos frutos com e sem injúria mecânica foram significativas (P<0,0041). A distância de Mahalanobis entre grupos (28,19 unidades) foi um indicativo dramático das diferenças encontradas entre os dois grupos de frutos. A análise do desempenho do "nariz eletrônico" demonstrou que o equipamento é uma ferramenta útil para classificar, não-destrutivamente, tomates expostos a condições extremas de manuseio pós-colheita, como injúrias mecânicas.

Tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) fruits, 'Solar Set', were harvested at the mature-green stage (green color in 100% of the fruit surface) and gassed with 100mL.L-1 of ethylene at 20°C. At the breaker stage (less than 10% of the fruit surface is red or tannin-yellowish), fruit were dropped from a 40 cm height onto a smooth surface. Following impact, fruits were stored at 20°C and 85-95% relative humidity until table-ripe stage. Bruised and unbruised fruit were then placed individually inside the electronic nose-sampling vessel and the twelve conducting polymer sensors were lowered into the vessel and exposed to the volatile given off by the fruit. Data were analyzed employing multivariate discriminant analysis (MVDA), which maximizes the variance between treatments. The degree of dissimilarity was defined using the Mahalanobis distance The differences found between bruised and unbruised fruit were highly significant (P<0.0041). The Mahalanobis distance between groupings (28.19 units) was a dramatic indicative of the differences between the two treatments. The electronic nose proved to be a useful tool to nondestructively identify and classify tomato fruit exposed to harmful post-harvest practices such as mechanical injuries.